Aprendizagem e Desenvolvimento Humano em Educação e Saúde permeados pelo Psicodrama e a Subjetividade / Learning and Human Development in Education and Health permeated by Psychodrama and Subjectivity

Objetivo: compreender como o psicodrama, enquanto recurso pedagógico, possibilita aos educadores da área da saúde mental de nível superior superarem de forma subjetiva as suas dificuldades no decorrer das atividades laborais para se desenvolverem. Método: trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa que utiliza o método educacional psicodramático proposto por Maria Alicia Romanã em consonância com as técnicas exploratórias da mente humana utilizadas por Jacob Levy Moreno no psicodrama e, teoria da subjetividade proposta por Luis Fernando Gonzáles Rey, sendo composto por um grupo de seis educadores de saúde mental. Resultados: evidenciaram a importância das técnicas de psicodrama para despertar pensamentos críticos e reflexivos nos educadores em relação a subjetividade individual. Conclusão: é de suma relevância a formação de educadores na área do psicodrama socioeducativos para intervir na saúde mental dos alunos possibilitando a criação de condições reais e viabilização de entendimentos.(AU)

Objective: to understand how psychodrama, as a pedagogical resource, enables higher-level mental health educators to subjectively overcome their difficulties in the course of work activities in order to develop. Method: this is a qualitative research that uses the psychodramatic educational method proposed by Maria Alicia Romanã in line with the exploratory techniques of the human mind used by Jacob Levy Moreno in psychodrama and, subjectivity theory proposed by Luis Fernando Gonzáles Rey, being composed by a group of six mental health educators. Results: evidenced the importance of psychodrama techniques to awaken critical and reflective thoughts in educators in relation to individual subjectivity. Conclusion: it is extremely important to train educators in the area of socioeducational psychodrama to intervene in the mental health of students, enabling the creation of real conditions and the viability of understandings.(AU)

comprender cómo el psicodrama, como recurso pedagógico, permite a los educadores de salud mental de nivel superior superar subjetivamente sus dificultades en el curso de las actividades laborales para desarrollarse. Método: esta es una investigación cualitativa que utiliza el método educativo psicodramático propuesto por Maria Alicia Romanã en línea con las técnicas exploratorias de la mente humana utilizadas por Jacob Levy Moreno en psicodrama y la teoría de la subjetividad propuesta por Luis Fernando Gonzáles Rey, siendo compuesta por un grupo de seis educadores en salud mental. Resultados: se evidenció la importancia de las técnicas del psicodrama para despertar pensamientos críticos y reflexivos en los educadores en relación a la subjetividad individual. Conclusión: es de suma importancia la formación de educadores en el área del psicodrama socioeducativo para intervenir en la salud mental de los estudiantes, posibilitando la creación de condiciones reales y la viabilidad de los entendimientos.(AU)

Perceptions of undergraduate allied health students of the clinical learning environment and clinical educators' attributes at the University of Ghana

Background. Clinical education is a vital aspect of the education of health sciences students and consists of two components, i.e. the clinical learning environment and supervision.Objectives. To determine the undergraduate allied health sciences students' perceptions regarding clinical educators' attributes and the clinical learning environment.Methods. This cross-sectional study included 169 undergraduate students, randomly recruited from various allied health professions programmes of the University of Ghana. The McGill clinical teacher evaluation tool and the clinical learning environment inventory were used to determine students' perceptions of clinical educators' attributes and the clinical learning environment, respectively. The Kruskal-Wallis test and independent t-tests were used to test for relationships between students' level and programme of study and their perceptions. The level of significance was set at 95%.Results. Of the 169 participants, there were 99 (58.6%) male students, 79 (46.7%) third-year students and 82 (48.5%) medical laboratory science students. Only 16 (9.5%) participants indicated visits by lecturers during clinical rotations. The third-year students had a statistically significant perception of their clinical learning environment (p=0.000), while the differences between perceptions of clinical learning environment among the various programmes were also statistically significant (p=0.028), but not for clinical educators' attributes (p=0.261).Conclusion. Allied health sciences students have positive perceptions of their clinical learning environment and clinical educators' attributes. More frequent visits by lecturers to students during clinical rotations may ensure that student innovation is achieved in accordance with their classroom tuition

Blended learning during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic: Attitudes of nurse educators in Gauteng

Background: The use of blended learning (BL) pedagogy has become inevitable due to contemporary technological innovations in the nursing education sector. As of late, the need to use BL pedagogy has resulted by the sudden occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, several nurse educators still experience uncertainties in using BL due to technological, psychological, infrastructure and equipment readiness barriers. Aim: To report the attitudes of nurse educators towards the use of BL pedagogy as a new norm of teaching and learning in public nursing education institutions (NEIs) in the Gauteng Province (GP), South Africa, during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic period. Setting: The study was conducted in five Gauteng public NEIs. Methods: A descriptive non-experimental quantitative design was conducted with 144 nurse educators. Data was collected through a questionnaire. Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) was used to analyse data with the help of a biostatistician. Results: Technologically, only 50% (N = 72) found BL easy to use while 48% (n = 69) were ready and willing to use the BL Psychologically, more than half, that is, 65% (n = 94) lacked the confidence to use BL pedagogy. About 55% (n = 79) reported having inadequate BL infrastructure, while 32% (n = 46) seemed to be satisfied with the availability of effective equipment to support BL pedagogy. Conclusion: Based on the results, it is apparent that nurse educators in Gauteng are not technologically and psychologically ready, since the infrastructure and equipment to support the BL are not adequately provided.

Percepções de educadores e profissionais de saúde sobre interdisciplinaridade no contexto do Programa Saúde na Escola / Percepciones de educadores y profesionales de la salud sobre la interdisciplinaridad en el contexto del Programa Salud en la Escuela / Perceptions of educators and health professionals about interdisciplinarity in the School Health Program context

Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar as percepções de profissionais da saúde e da educação para a interdisciplinaridade no trabalho de promoção de saúde na escola, antes e depois da formação sobre autorregulação para o autocuidado e a promoção da saúde. Foi realizado um estudo exploratório e descritivo, de caráter qualitativo, no qual participaram 26 profissionais da saúde e da educação, distribuídos em dois grupos focais antes e dois depois da formação. Para a interpretação dos dados foi utilizada a análise temática. Os participantes perceberam que as ações de saúde nas escolas devem ser realizadas continuamente e de maneira interdisciplinar. Esta investigação destaca que a educação continuada é importante para a sensibilização dos profissionais para a interdisciplinaridade. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las percepciones de profesionales de la salud y educación para la interdisciplinariedad en el trabajo de promoción de la salud en la escuela, antes y después de la formación en la autorregulación para el autocuidado y la promoción de la salud. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio y descriptivo de carácter cualitativo, en el cual 26 profesionales de salud y educación participaron, distribuidos en dos grupos de enfoque antes y dos después de la formación. Para interpretación de datos se utilizó el análisis temático. Los participantes se dieron cuenta de que las acciones de salud en las escuelas deben realizarse continuamente y de forma interdisciplinaria. Esta investigación destaca que la formación continua es importante para la sensibilización de los profesionales en la interdisciplinariedad. (AU)

This study aimed at analyzing the perceptions of health and education professionals about interdisciplinarity in health promotion at school before and after a continuing education program on self-regulation for self-care and health promotion. An exploratory and descriptive qualitative study was conducted with 26 health and education professionals, who participated in two focus groups before the program and two after it. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the data. The participants realized that school health actions must be carried out continuously and in an interdisciplinary manner. This study highlights that continuing education is important for raising awareness of interdisciplinarity among professionals. (AU)

Percepções de educadoras ao Papanicolau entrelaçadas às questões de corpo / Perceptions of educators to the Papanicolau interlated to body issues / Percepciones de los educadores al Papanicolau interlados con temas corporales

Objetivo: apreender as percepções de educadoras sobre o Papanicolau associadas às questões de corpo. Método: qualitativo, exploratório e descritivo realizado com 18 educadoras de uma escola pública em Petrolina-PE, após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética, parecer nº 4.048.369. Empregou-se o recurso gráfico, juntamente, à entrevista semi-estruturada, tratados pela análise semiológica de imagem e pela análise temática de conteúdo. Resultados: as educadoras conhecem a importância do exame, mas apresentaram superficialidade sobre o objetivo e materiais utilizados, além de sentimentos negativos como constrangimento, dor, desconforto, dentre outros. Logo, o profissional de saúde precisa considerar as especificidades femininas para a escolha do material, assim como, valorizar o que cada corpo pode sentir e falar, independente das queixas. Conclusão: assim, sob uma perspectiva reducionista percebe-se que um corpo que fala é silenciado pelas dimensões de descuido e não de cuidado em saúde

Objective: to apprehend the perceptions of educators about Pap smears associated with body issues. Method: qualitative, exploratory and descriptive carried out with 18 educators from a public school in Petrolina-PE, after approval by the Ethics Committee, opinion nº 4.048.369. The graphic resource was used, together with the semi-structured interview, treated by the semiological image analysis and the thematic content analysis. Results: the educators know the importance of the exam, but they were superficial about the purpose and materials used, in addition to negative feelings such as embarrassment, pain, discomfort, among others. Therefore, the health professional needs to consider women's specificities when choosing the material, as well as valuing what each body can feel and say, regardless of the complaints. Conclusion: thus, from a reductionist perspective, it is perceived that a speaking body is silenced by the dimensions of carelessness and not health care

Objetivo: comprender las percepciones de los educadores sobre las pruebas de Papanicolaou asociadas a problemas corporales. Método: cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo realizado con 18 educadores de un colegio público de Petrolina-PE, previa aprobación del Comité de Ética, dictamen nº 4.048.369. Se utilizó el recurso gráfico, junto con la entrevista semiestructurada, tratado por el análisis de imagen semiológico y el análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: los educadores conocen la importancia del examen, pero fueron superficiales sobre el propósito y los materiales utilizados, además de sentimientos negativos como vergüenza, dolor, malestar, entre otros. Por tanto, el profesional de la salud debe tener en cuenta las especificidades de las mujeres a la hora de elegir el material, así como valorar lo que cada cuerpo puede sentir y decir, independientemente de las quejas. Conclusión: así, desde una perspectiva reduccionista, se percibe que un cuerpo hablante es silenciado por las dimensiones del descuido y no del cuidado de la salud

COVID-19 and medical educator perceptions: Sense-making during times of crisis

Background. Although crises are generally considered uncommon, health professions education (HPE) literature gives evidence of repeated and ongoing crises. This has been most recently demonstrated by the global impact of COVID-19. Crisis management literature proposes that such recurrent crises are opportune moments for learning. While there has been much literature published that describes changes made to the format of HPE amid COVID-19, there has been little attention given to the perceptions of medical educators. Medical educators' experiences may serve as a resource to uncover lessons that may have been learnt during this period. Objective. To address the gap in the literature, by analysing the perceptions of medical educators at the University of Cape Town (UCT) during the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020-2021. Methods. A qualitative case-study approach was adopted. Rich data were collected from four medical educators using semi-structured interviews and a focus group discussion, and then analysed using a reflexive thematic approach. Results. The data indicated that educators grappled with a multitude of struggles during the COVID-19 pandemic. These were analysed thematically as: tensions with technology, balancing expectations, and the distribution of support. However, surface-level challenges faced by educators seem to belie a much deeper personal struggle. Conclusion. The data suggest that whe the rany learning occurs and what is learnt are embedded within the process of sense-making. If institutions of higher education aim to adopt proactive responses to crises, then further research ­ as well as support for these sense-making processes during crises ­ should form a critical part of overall institutional preparedness.

El educador de la salud en la salud pública / The educator for health in public health

RESUMEN Este ensayo expone cómo el educador de la salud, en su quehacer en el campo de la salud pública tradicional, solventa formas de relación con los educandos, enmarcadas en la preponderancia del modelo biomédico, a través de la imposición de significados y valores situados en una concepción biologista de la enfermedad que ha invisibilizado a la salud. En contraste, se presenta la perspectiva crítica de la salud pública alternativa como una posibilidad de resignificar la práctica del educador de la salud. A partir de actuaciones en las que la salud se entiende como un constructo social, el presente artículo busca potenciar abordajes más coherentes con la realidad de los problemas complejos relacionados con la salud desde su conexión con la vida.(AU)

ABSTRACT This essay argues how the health educator in his work in the field of traditional public health solves forms of relationship with the students, framed in the preponderance of the biomedical model, through the imposition of meanings and values located in a conception biologist of the disease that has made health invisible. In contrast, the critical perspective of alternative public health is presented as a possibility to give another meaning to the practice of the health educator. On the roll of the health like a social construct, this paper aims to boost approaches more consistent with the reality of the complex problems related to the health from its connection with the life.(AU)

Ver, rever e transver: iluminando a formação interdisciplinar com educadores da Saúde Coletiva / Look, look again and look beyond: lightning the interdisciplinarity training with Collective Health educators / Ver, rever y transver: iluminando la formación interdisciplinaria con educadores de Salud Colectiva

O objetivo deste artigo foi relatar a vivência do uso de metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem no processo de formação interdisciplinar com educadores da Saúde Coletiva. Trata-se de um relato de experiência da oficina "Ver, rever e transver: Uma festa de desformatura!". No Ver, os contatos primários permitiram a assimilação da transformação da aprendizagem. No Rever, as racionalidades moveram os discursos de intenções, possibilidades, desejos, esperanças e motivações. E no Transver, houve a reflexão sobre os desafios de se tornar interdisciplinar, com a compreensão da necessidade de se (re)pensar a práxis pedagógica na perspectiva rizomática, abrigando pluralidades, possibilidades e conexão de saberes. Assim, foi possível a construção do conhecimento interdisciplinar por meio da educação transformadora como premissas pedagógicas necessárias aos educadores da Saúde Coletiva.(AU)

The objective of this article is to report on the experience of using active learning methodologies in the process of interdisciplinary education with collective health educators. It is an experience report on the workshop "Ver, rever e transver: Uma festa de desformatura!" (Look, look again and look beyond: A non-graduation party!). In Look, primary contacts enabled to assimilate the transformation of learning. In Look again, rationalities moved the discourses of intentions, possibilities, desires, hopes and motivations. Finally, in Look beyond, a reflection was made on the challenges of becoming interdisciplinary, with the understanding of the need to (re)think pedagogical praxis in the rhizomatic perspective, housing pluralities, possibilities and knowledge connections. Thus, it was possible to build interdisciplinary knowledge by means of transformative education as pedagogical premises that are necessary to collective health educators.(AU)

El objetivo de este artículo fue relatar la experiencia del uso de metodologías activas de enseñanza-aprendizaje en el proceso de formación interdisciplinaria con educadores de la salud colectiva. Se trata de un relato de experiencia del taller: "Ver, rever e transver: Uma festa de desformatura!" (Ver, rever y transver: ¡Una fiesta de desgraduación! En Ver los contactos primarios permitieron la asimilación de la transformación del aprendizaje. En Rever las racionalidades movieron los discursos de intenciones, posibilidades, deseos, esperanzas y motivaciones. Y en Transver hubo la reflexión sobre los desafíos de pasar a ser interdisciplinarios, con la comprensión de la necesidad de (re)pensar la praxis pedagógica, desde la perspectiva rizomática, acogiendo pluralidades, posibilidades y conexión de saberes. De esa forma, fue posible la construcción del conocimiento interdisciplinario por medio de la educación transformadora como premisas pedagógicas necesarias para los educadores de la salud colectiva.(AU)

Niveles de Burnout y estrategias de afrontamiento en docentes de educación superior / Burnout Levels and Coping Strategies in Higher Education Professors

Introducción: Los educadores y trabajadores de la salud se hallan entre las personas susceptibles a estrés y Burnout Objetivo: Discutir, en base a la literatura científica, los niveles de Burnout y las estrategias de afrontamiento en docentes de educación superior. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de artículos publicados entre 2010 y 2018 en las bases de datos EBSCO host, SCIELO, ERIC, SCIENCE DIRECT, SCOPUS, REDALYC, DOAJ y LILACS. En la estrategia de búsqueda se utilizó el diagrama de flujo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Se revisaron 18 artículos (en idiomas español, portugués e inglés) tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Conclusiones: No queda claro si existe Burnout en los docentes de educación superior. Se asocia levemente niveles altos de agotamiento y despersonalización con alto compromiso laboral; estrés laboral y nivel de agotamiento alto con menor satisfacción laboral; relación entre alto nivel de agotamiento con profesores jóvenes con menos experiencia; agotamiento con factores académicos como horas de enseñanza; Burnout con actividades de investigación; mayor estrés con condición laboral contratado. No se halló relación significativa entre Burnout y sentimientos de autoeficacia o desempeño docente; cansancio emocional y satisfacción ocupacional. Las estrategias para afrontar el estrés que utilizan los docentes son las enfocadas en la solución del problema, la búsqueda de ayuda o apoyo social y la revaluación positiva(AU)

Introduction: Health educators and general workers in the sector are among the people vulnerable to stress and burnout Objective: To discuss, based on the scientific literature, burnout levels and coping strategies in higher education professors. Methods: Systematic review of articles published between 2010 and 2018 in the databases EBSCO host, SCIELO, ERIC, SCIENCE DIRECT, SCOPUS, REDALYC, DOAJ, and LILACS. In the search strategy, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA) flowchart was used. Eighteen articles (in Spanish, Portuguese, and English) were reviewed after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Conclusions: It is not clear if burnout exists in higher education professors. High levels of exhaustion and depersonalization are slightly associated with high work commitment. Job stress and high level of exhaustion are associated with less job satisfaction. Relationship between high level of exhaustion is associated with younger professors with less experience. Exhaustion is associated with academic factors such as teaching hours. Burnout is associated with research activities. Increased stress is associated with an employment condition as contracted. No significant relationship was found between burnout and feelings of self-efficacy or teaching performance, or between emotional fatigue and occupational satisfaction. The strategies for dealing with stress that teachers use are those focused on solving the problem, seeking help or social support, and positive revaluation(AU)

Fatores de risco para a saúde mental infanto-juvenil: conhecimentos dos agentes educativos / Factores de riesgo para la salud mental infanto-juvenil: conocimientos de los agentes educativos / Risk factors for mental health in children and young people: knowledge of education agents

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o nível de conhecimentos dos agentes educativos sobre os fatores de risco para a saúde mental de crianças e adolescentes e analisar a sua associação com variáveis sociodemográficas. Métodos Estudo quantitativo, com recurso a uma amostra não probabilística de 136 agentes educativos (62,5% professores, 32,4% enfermeiros e 5,1% polícias), na sua maioria mulheres (70,6%) e média de idades de 48,34 anos. A colheita de dados, com recurso a um questionário de auto-preenchimento, realizou-se no ano lectivo de 2018 em quatro escolas do concelho de Viseu - Região centro de Portugal. Testes estatísticos utilizados: Qui-Quadrado e Análise de Regressão Múltipla. Resultados Na generalidade os agentes educativos revelaram possuir conhecimentos sobre os fatores de risco para a saúde mental, destacando-se 39,71% que chegam mesmo a evidenciar excelentes conhecimentos. Em termos comparativos, os enfermeiros são os que evidenciam melhores níveis de conhecimentos ( x̄ =15,546), seguindo-se os professores ( x̄ =13,318) e, por fim, os polícias ( x̄ =8,571), diferenças estas significativas (x2=14,725; p= 0,004). O estudo multivariado inferiu ser o género a única variável a se revelar preditora do nível de conhecimentos, explicando 11,5% da sua variabilidade (p=0,002), evidenciando as mulheres maior nível de conhecimentos. Já o efeito preditivo da variável categoria profissional (p=0,051) e tempo de experiência profissional (p=0,0179) não se revelou significativo. Conclusão O facto do género ter sido a única variável que se revelou preditiva do nível de conhecimentos, faz-nos ponderar da necessidade de se adoptarem estratégias diferenciadas em programas de formação, onde as características e vulnerabilidade dos dois sexos sejam salvaguardadas.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el nivel de conocimiento de los agentes educativos sobre los factores de riesgo para la salud mental de niños y adolescentes y analizar su relación con variables sociodemográficas. Métodos Estudio cuantitativo, con un muestreo no probabilístico de 136 agentes educativos (62,5% profesores, 32,4% enfermeros y 5,1% policías), en su mayoría mujeres (70,6%) y con un promedio de edad de 48,34 años. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante un cuestionario autocompletado, en el año lectivo 2018, en cuatro escuelas del concejo de Viseu, en la región centro de Portugal. Las pruebas estadísticas utilizadas fueron: prueba χ2 de Pearson y Análisis de Regresión Múltiple. Resultados En general, los agentes educativos revelaron tener conocimientos sobre los factores de riesgo para la salud mental, con un 39,71% que logró demostrar excelentes conocimientos. En términos comparativos, los enfermeros son los que demuestran mejores niveles de conocimiento ( x̄ =15,546), seguidos de los profesores ( x̄ =13,318) y por último los policías ( x̄ =8,571), diferencias estas significativas (x2=14,725; p= 0,004). Con el estudio multivariado se reveló que el género es la única variable que se mostró predictiva del nivel de conocimiento, que explica el 11,5% de su variabilidad (p=0,002) y demuestra mayor nivel de conocimiento en mujeres. Por otro lado, el efecto predictivo de la variable categoría profesional (p=0,051) y tiempo de experiencia profesional (p=0,0179) no demostró ser significativo. Conclusión El hecho de que el género haya sido la única variable que demostró ser predictiva del nivel de conocimiento nos hace considerar la necesidad de adoptar estrategias diferenciadas en programas de capacitación, en los que las características y vulnerabilidad de los dos sexos sean resguardadas.

Abstract Objective To assess the level of knowledge of education agents about risk factors for mental health in children and adolescents, and to analyze these factors connection with sociodemographic variables. Methods This was a quantitative study that used non-probabilistic sample of 136 education agents (62.5% professors, 32.4% nurses and 5.1% police officers). Most of participants were women (70.6%) with mean age of 48.34 years old. Data collection was performed through a self-completion questionnaire during 2018 academic year in four schools of the municipality of Viseu, Central Portugal. Statistical tests used were chi-square and multiple regression analysis. Results In general, education agents showed to have knowledge about risk factors for mental health, highlighting that 39.71% of them had excellent knowledge. In comparative terms, nurses showed better level of knowledge ( x̄ =15.546), followed by professors ( x̄ =13.318) and, police officers ( x̄ =8.571). Differences between participants were significant (x2=14.725; p= 0.004). The multivariate study demonstrated that gender was the only variable to prove to be a predictor of the level of knowledge, explaining the 11.5% of variability (p=0.002), and showing that women had a greater level of knowledge. The predictive effect of the variable professional category (p=0.051) and years of professional experience (p=0.0179) was not significant. Conclusion The fact that gender was the only variable that proved to be predictive of the level of knowledge led us consider the need of adopting differentiated strategies for training programs, in which the characteristics and vulnerability of both sexes should be protected.

Aprendizagens com o corpo todo na (trans)formação de educadores (as) populares do Curso Livre de Educação Popular em Saúde (EdPopSUS) / Aprendizaje con todo el cuerpo en la (trans) formación de educadores populares del Curso Libre de Educación Popular en Salud (EDPopSUS) / Learning with the whole body in the (trans) formation of educators in the Free Course of Health Popular Education (EdPopSUS)

No intuito de reafirmar os princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), institui-se a Política Nacional de Educação Popular em Saúde (PNEPS-SUS), tendo como estratégia um curso de educação popular em saúde para trabalhadores do SUS e movimentos sociais. Objetivou-se analisar o tema das aprendizagens com o corpo todo surgido no processo formativo dos (as) educadores (as) do curso, relacionado à produção de autonomia. A formação de educadores tem atuado na lógica de prerrogativas a serem seguidas, porém, a educação popular propõe a aprendizagem como exercício da autonomia para a responsabilidade política. Neste estudo exploratório, com base na abordagem qualitativa, ancorado no estudo de caso, produzimos os dados com entrevistas em profundidade e observação participante. O curso revelou-se tecido por aprendizagens com o corpo todo que demarcaram inovações na educação em saúde, ao incluir a corporeidade, a espiritualidade, as histórias e vulnerabilidades dos (as) educadores (as), possibilitando sua (trans) formação.(AU)

Con el objetivo de reafirmar los principios del Sistema Brasileño de Salud (SUS), se instituyó la Política Nacional de Educación Popular en Salud (PNEPS-SUS), con la estrategia de un curso de educación popular en salud para trabajadores del SUS y sus movimientos sociales. El enfoque fue analizar el tema de los aprendizajes con todo el cuerpo, surgido en el proceso formativo de los (las) educadores (as) del curso, relacionado a la producción de autonomía. La formación de formadores han actuado en la lógica de prerrogativas a seguir, pero la educación popular propone el aprendizaje como ejercicio de la autonomía para la responsabilidad política. En este estudio exploratorio con base en el abordaje cualitativo, anclado en el estudio de caso, producimos los datos con entrevistas en profundidad y observación participante. El curso se reveló tejido por aprendizajes con todo el cuerpo que demarcaron innovaciones en la educación en salud, al incluir la corporeidad, la espiritualidad, las historias y vulnerabilidades de de los (as) educadores (as) posibilitando su (trans) formación.(AU)

The PNEPS-SUS was instituted to reinforce the principles of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS), having as strategy a popular health education course for workers of the SUS and social movements. The objective of this study was to analyze the subject of learning with the whole body that emerged in the formative process of the course' educators related to the production of autonomy. The formation of educators acted following a logic of prerogatives to be followed. Instead, popular education proposes learning as an exercise of autonomy for political responsibility. In this exploratory study, based on the qualitative approach, anchored in the case study, we produced the data with in-depth interviews and participant observation. The course proved to be interwoven by whole-body learning that singled out innovations in health education, by including the corporeity, spirituality, histories and vulnerabilities of the educators, enabling their (trans) formation.(AU)

Juan Nicolás Dávalos Betancourt y su influencia en la formación en investigación microbiológica / Juan Nicolas Davalos Betancourt and his influence on microbiologic research training

Matanzas a finales siglo XIX, fue cuna de grandes personalidades de la medicina. En coincidencia con el desarrollo económico y cultural. En Sabanilla del Encomendador nació Juan Nicolás Dávalos Betancourt. Estudió medicina en la Habana y en España, preparándose en Francia sobre aspectos relacionados con la microbiología y las técnicas de la misma. A su regreso se consagró a aplicar lo aprendido en el laboratorio y la investigación en general. Objetivo: reseñar su vida y obra como una de las grandes figuras de la medicina y la microbiología en Cuba y desarrollar apuntes sobre su influencia en la formación de médicos investigadores en microbiología. Desarrollo: fue un destacado bacteriólogo cubano. Se recogen datos de su vida y obra como precursor de la bacteriología en Cuba y que dignificó la práctica médica en el laboratorio, así como sus aportes e influencia en la formación en microbiología e investigación. Se reconoce su influencia en la formación de investigadores con elementos a destacar en la formación de discípulos, la impronta sobre los investigadores de su grupo, su época y épocas posteriores en relación al trabajo en equipo, la comunicación de resultados en publicaciones y el entorno académico, así como el desarrollo de investigaciones por encargo. Conclusiones: Se dedicó a la investigación científico microbiológica, orientada a los problemas de salud del momento. Sus investigaciones fueron del laboratorio al terreno y del diagnóstico a la terapéutica con elementos claros de influencia educativa... (AU)

Juan Guiteras Gener, figura representativa de la Educación Médica en Cuba / Juan Guiteras Gener, representative figure of Medical Education in Cuba

Las investigaciones sobre la obra de figuras representativas del pensamiento educativo cubano no han sido suficientes para develar la contribución de importantes personalidades al desarrollo de la educación en distintos niveles. La Educación Médica Cubana debe a figuras como Juan Guiteras Gener, importantes contribuciones a la formación de profesionales de la salud. Con este propósito, el objetivo de este artículo radica en argumentar por qué se considera a Juan Guiteras Gener como una figura representativa de la Educación Médica Cubana. Para ello se analizaron datos biográficos y los principales aportes como médico, profesor, científico y directivo. Se delimitaron las condiciones históricas sociales como el entorno familiar, el contexto en el que se desarrolló y las fuentes de influencias que modelaron su pensamiento pedagógico. Se utilizaron criterios de selección de personalidades histórico-educativas como la amplia teoría y práctica educativa, el reconocimiento social y la identificación en grupos de intelectuales, las influencias de su obra que prevalecen en la sociedad y el compromiso con la realidad de su tiempo. Se estimula el estudio de esta personalidad, con el propósito de valorar su 251 trabajo en beneficio de la sociedad cubana y su contribución al desarrollo de la medicina universal. (AU)

The researches on the work of representative figures of the Cuban educational thought have not been sufficient enough to unveil the contribution of important personalities to the development of education in different levels. Cuban medical education owes important contributions to health professionals´ training to figures like Juan Guiteras Gener. The objective of this article is arguing why Juan Guiteras Gener is considered a representative figure of the Cuban medical education. His bibliographical data and main contributions as doctor, professor, scientist and manager were analyzed for that. There were delimited socio-historical conditions like family environment, the context he developed in and the sources of influence that modeled his pedagogical thought. We used criteria for choosing the historic- educative personalities like the extended educative theory and practice, the social recognition and identification in intellectual groups, the influences of his work prevailing in the society and the compromise with the reality of his time. The study of this personality is stimulated with the purpose of assessing his work on the benefit of Cuban society and his contribution to the development of the universal medicine. (AU)

Impact of the promotora model on the improvement of oral health knowledge of caregivers / Impacto del modelo promotora en el mejoramiento del conocimiento sobre salud oral de los cuidadores

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of this quasi-experimental study was to determine the impact of the Promotora Model (PM) as an educational strategy to increase oral health knowledge in parents/caregivers of children aged 2-5 years at high risk for dental caries. Materials and Methods Sixty-three caregivers who provided informed consent were included in the study. A structured 37-item survey was administered prior to conducting the Promotora educational intervention (PEI) that covered oral health topics and behaviors. Three (3) months after the PEI session, during their child's next dental visit, the same instrument was administered to 46 of the parents/caregivers that had completed the first instrument. Results Most caregivers were Hispanic (73.9%) and 50% reported completing high school. Before PEI, 56.5% of participants scored as having "good" general knowledge. Three months after PEI, 82.6% achieved that score (paired sample T-test, p< 0.00001). Conclusion Based on the results, it was concluded that the PM significantly increased caregivers' oral health knowledge.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo El propósito de este estudio cuasi-experimental fue determinar el impacto del Modelo Promotora (MP) como estrategia educacional para mejorar el conocimiento sobre salud oral de los padres y/o cuidadores de niños con edades comprendidas entre 2-5 años con alto riesgo de sufrir caries dental. Métodos Sesenta y tres padres y/o cuidadores quienes dieron el consentimiento fueron incluidos en el estudio. Se administró un cuestionario estructurado de 37 preguntas antes de la intervención educativa (IE) con el Modelo Promotora (IEP) el cual cubría tópicos sobre salud oral y conductas. Tres (3) meses después de la sesión de IEP, en la próxima visita dental del niño, el mismo cuestionario fue administrado a 46 padres y/o cuidadores que habían completado el primer cuestionario. Resultados La mayoría de los padres y/o cuidadores eran Hispanos (73,9%) y 50% reporto tener bachillerato completo. Antes del IEP, 56,5% de los participantes presentó un nivel general de conocimiento "Bueno." Tres meses después de la aplicación del IEP, 82,6% obtuvieron el mismo nivel de conocimiento (T-test, p<0.00001). Conclusión Se concluye que el MP mejora considerablemente el conocimiento sobre salud bucal de los padres y/o cuidadores.(AU)

Prática interprofissional colaborativa em saúde coletiva à luz de processos educacionais inovadores / Collaborative interprofessional practice in collective health in the light of innovative educational processes / Práctica interprofesional colaborativa en salud colectiva a la luz de los procesos educativos innovadores

A educação interprofissional (EIP) em saúde é uma atividade que envolve dois ou mais profissionais que aprendem juntos de modo interativo para melhorar a colaboração e qualidade da atenção à saúde. Assim, este estudo tem o objetivo de compartilhar a vivência do uso de metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem na prática interprofissional colaborativa com educadores da saúde coletiva. Trata-se de um relato de experiência da oficina "Dialogando com a interprofissionalidade". A prática do "acolhimento" foi a abordagem escolhida para iniciar o diálogo da interprofissionalidade, com a finalidade de construir uma rede de confiança e solidariedade. No "(re)conhecimento interprofissional", os participantes refletiram sobre as novas possibilidades para a produção do cuidado compartilhado. A formação dos grupos foi pautada na interação dialógica, através do "colar diversidade", que possibilitou a construção de um ambiente descontraído e participativo. Com a "viagem educacional" foram gerados sentimentos e racionalidades que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da colaboração, respeito mútuo, confiança e reconhecimento das diversas profissões, com interdependência e complementaridade dos saberes e ações, para o cuidado integral. Na "ciranda da interprofissionalidade" houve a expressão de sentimento de alegria, descontração, satisfação, inclusão, interação e colaboração, com o despertar de um coletivo unido pelo desejo de mudanças na sua práxis. Por fim, a prática interprofissional colaborativa em saúde foi destacada como uma estratégia essencial para se alcançar a integralidade do cuidado. A abordagem da EIP à luz de processos educacionais inovadores tornou a aprendizagem mais afetiva, alegre, problematizadora e com maior tomada de decisões.

Interprofessional health education (EIP) is an activity that involves two or more professionals who learn together interactively to improve collaboration and quality of health care. Thus, this study describes the experience of using active teaching-learning methodologies in collaborative interprofessional practice with public health educators. This is an experience report from the workshop "Dialogues with interprofessionality". The practice of "Welcoming" was the approach chosen to initiate interprofessional dialogue, with the purpose of building a network of trust and solidarity. In "Interprofessional Recognition", participants reflected on the new possibilities for the production of shared care. Group formation was based on dialogical interaction, through the "Diversity Necklace", which allowed the construction of a relaxed and participative environment. With "Educational Trip", feelings and rationalities were generated that contributed to the development of collaboration, mutual respect, trust and recognition of various professions, with interdependence and complementarity of knowledge and actions to achieve comprehensive care. In "Interprofessionality Circle" there was expression of joy, relaxation, satisfaction, inclusion, interaction and collaboration, with the awakening of a collective unit bound by the desire for changes in praxis. Finally, collaborative interprofessional practice in health was stressed as an essential strategy to achieve comprehensive care. The EIP approach based on innovative educational processes made learning more affective, joyful, problematic and led to better decision-making.

La educación sanitaria interprofesional (EIP) en salud es una actividad que involucra a dos o más profesionales que aprenden juntos de manera interactiva para mejorar la colaboración y la calidad de la atención médica. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo compartir la experiencia del uso de metodologías activas de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la práctica interprofesional colaborativa con educadores de salud pública. Este es un informe de experiencia del taller "Diálogo con interprofesionalidad". La práctica de "Bienvenida" fue el enfoque elegido para iniciar el diálogo interprofesional, con el propósito de construir una red de confianza y solidaridad. En el "(re)conocimiento interprofesional", los participantes reflexionaron sobre las nuevas posibilidades para la producción de atención compartida. La formación de los grupos se basó en la interacción dialógica, por medio de "collar diversidad", que permitió la construcción de un ambiente relajado y participativo. Con el "viaje educativo", se generaron sentimientos y racionalidades que contribuyeron al desarrollo de la colaboración, el respeto mutuo, la confianza y el reconocimiento de las diversas profesiones, con interdependencia y complementariedad de conocimientos y acciones, para una atención integral. En la "ciranda de interprofesionalidad" se expresó un sentimiento de alegría, relajación, satisfacción, inclusión, interacción y colaboración, con el despertar de un colectivo unido por el deseo de cambios en su praxis. Finalmente, la práctica interprofesional colaborativa en salud se destacó como una estrategia esencial para lograr una atención integral. El enfoque de la EIP a la luz de procesos educativos innovadores hizo que el aprendizaje fuera más afectivo, alegre, problemático y con una mayor toma de decisiones.

Effect of HIV/AIDS on fertility: historical evidence from South Africa's women educators

Context/Background: The HIV/AIDS epidemic remains a public health challenge. Globally, South Africa ranks second in HIV prevalence and has the second lowest fertility rate in sub-Saharan Africa. The effect of HIV/AIDS on fertility is contentious, although it is often assumed in population projections that HIV/AIDS reduces fertility. This study examines the effect of HIV/AIDS on the probability of getting pregnant among South Africa's educators controlling for confounders.Data Source and Methods: The data consisted of a representative sample of educators in public schools in South Africa in 2004. Statistical analysis utilized multivariate logistic regression. Results: Controlling for confounders, HIV positive women educators aged 18-34 had higher odds of being pregnant in the preceding 12 months compared with HIV negative women educators in the same age group. Conclusion: There was no evidence from this study that HIV positive women were less likely to be pregnant than HIV negative women

Components of the item selection algorithm in computerized adaptive testing / 보건의료교육평가

Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) greatly improves measurement efficiency in high-stakes testing operations through the selection and administration of test items with the difficulty level that is most relevant to each individual test taker. This paper explains the 3 components of a conventional CAT item selection algorithm: test content balancing, the item selection criterion, and item exposure control. Several noteworthy methodologies underlie each component. The test script method and constrained CAT method are used for test content balancing. Item selection criteria include the maximized Fisher information criterion, the b-matching method, the a-stratification method, the weighted likelihood information criterion, the efficiency balanced information criterion, and the Kullback-Leibler information criterion. The randomesque method, the Sympson-Hetter method, the unconditional and conditional multinomial methods, and the fade-away method are used for item exposure control. Several holistic approaches to CAT use automated test assembly methods, such as the shadow test approach and the weighted deviation model. Item usage and exposure count vary depending on the item selection criterion and exposure control method. Finally, other important factors to consider when determining an appropriate CAT design are the computer resources requirement, the size of item pools, and the test length. The logic of CAT is now being adopted in the field of adaptive learning, which integrates the learning aspect and the (formative) assessment aspect of education into a continuous, individualized learning experience. Therefore, the algorithms and technologies described in this review may be able to help medical health educators and high-stakes test developers to adopt CAT more actively and efficiently.

Needs for Children's Health Promotion Education as Perceived by Child Care Center Teachers and Mothers

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the needs for children's health promotion education programs as perceived by child care center teachers and mothers. METHODS: This study conducted a survey of 88 child care center teachers and 70 mothers of preschool children in Seoul from January 4 to February 5, 2016. This study aimed to characterize the current conditions of health promotion education for preschool children and the needs for health promotion education as perceived by child care center teachers and mothers of preschool children. RESULTS: Areas of high need for health promotion education included lifestyle improvements for preventing diseases in children and awareness of the importance of health in educational objectives, standardized educational manuals, health educators as educators, child care centers as educational places, local health centers as educational support organizations, regular class hours as educational time, role play for training, and actual models in the educational medium. The educational subjects for which a high need was reported included safety and accident prevention, the role of smartphones and TV watching in mental health, and personal hygiene and disease prevention. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that it is necessary to develop a health promotion education program for preschool children.

Processos de criação na atenção e na educação em saúde. Um exercício de "timpanização" / Creation processes in health and health education: a "tympanizing" exercise

Resumo O estudo propõe reflexões que tangenciam as práticas de atenção e educação em saúde. Essas práticas, em muitos aspectos, são permeadas por uma base dualista, que enfraquece a potência educativa e a efetividade na promoção da saúde. Aposta-se na possibilidade de que o gesto de timpanizar, proposto por Jacques Derrida, oferece uma possibilidade de aproximação metodológica com o tema, exercício que é feito a partir da leitura de textos produzidos por estudantes de Medicina no contexto de uma aula e de uma carta escrita por Antonin Artaud, considerando sua biografia e suas vivências de saúde-doença. Timpanizar inclui três procedimentos: tatear escombros, disseminar sentidos e criar cadeias de suplementos. Este método cria possibilidades de novos sentidos para conhecimentos e práticas de atenção e educação em saúde.

Abstract The study proposes reflections about care practices and health education. These practices, in many respects, are permeated by a dualistic base, which weakens the educational power and effectiveness in health promotion. There is the hypothesis that the tympanizing gesture proposed by Jacques Derrida, offers a possibility of a methodological approach to the subject, exercise that is done through an Antonin Artaud's letter, considering his biography and his health and illness experiences. Tympanizing includes three procedures: groping the wreckage; disseminating meanings and invention of supplements chains. This method can open different meanings for knowledge and practices of attention and health education.

Maximizing the potential of blended learning in public health education and training

@#<p style="text-align: justify;">There have been increasing demands for innovative learning and teaching approaches in higher education. Many educators in various fields of study have been teaching their students using deliberate and careful combination of face to face and online leaning processes or blended learning. However, in the field of public health, the use of the blended learning seems to be fewer. For public health educators and trainers to maximize the potential of this approach, it could be significant to consider the broad and increasingly expanding scope of public health. Furthemore, studies should be done to identify the factors that drive the achievement of educational outcomes in this field.</p>